144 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. JANUARY, 19 1 1 WEATHER, FORECASTS, AND WARNINGS, JANUARY, 1911. By H. C. FRANKENFIELD, Professor of Meteorology. The year 1910 closed with a well defined depression over southwestern Kansas, the low pressure area estend- ing northeastward from western Kansas to Lake Superior. Over the eastern portion of the country the pressure was abnormally high with moderate temperatures, while over the Northwest another ligh area was building rapidly, with temperatures ranging from zero in South Dakota to 22' below zero in the British northwest. On the morning of January 1, 1911, the center of the disturb- ance had reached southeastern Kansas with general rains and higher temperatures to tlie eastward nnd southeast- ward, and snows ancl still lower temperatures to the northward ancl northwestward. The following bulletin was then issued: A disturbance that was over the hli iplii Valley Sunday will ad- vance eastward and reach the A4tlaiitic co:tst \by hIlJnChy niqlit: it will be attended by stormy weather hionday in the reqion eart IJf the hfi+ siseippi River with rsins chanqing to sniws in the Central an11 Nortlierii States and rains in the Southern States. R:iin or mow will prnl)al)ly continue hionday night in the Atlantic states. FulloWing thih diqturb- awe, a cold wave of marked severity will move eastwarcl to the Atlantic* States by Monday night or Tuesday mid southward to the Gulf State.; during Sunday night or Monday. Temperatures attencling this cold wave will be considerably below freezing in the Gulf and South Atlantic. States and probably in Florida, except the extreme southern portion. Fwther aclvices will be telegraphed Monday, confirming or modifying this forecast for Florida, to all interest8 likely to be affected by it severe cold wave in that State. The next storm area will appear on the Pacific coast Tuesday, and advance eastward, preceded by rising temperature and attended by general precipitation: i t will croae the Middle iVest Wednesday I I ~ Thursday and reach the Atlantic States by Friday or Saturday. On the morning of Monday, January 2, 1911, the storm center was over Lake Superior with a cold wave extending through the Plains States and tlie upper Mississippi Valley. The following special bulletin was issued: The cold wave that opened the present year in tlie Northwest was the most severe of the season. I t follows a disturbance that moved down the eastern slope of the Rocky Mountains tu we-tern Kansas and from thence northeastward to Lake Superior where i t was central hionrlaj, morning, attended by general mows and rain o\ er the eastern half of the country. I n the meantime a high-pressure area of Beat magnitude has overspread the entire West and the cold wave now covers the whole interior of that section, with a temperature of 4' helow zero hfonthy morning in tlie Texas Panhandle and a low reading of 38' bell)w zero a t Havre, Mont. High northwest winds acconipanied the cold weather, and considerable snow occurred in the upper hlississippi Valley :mil the upper Lake region. Cold wave warnings were first, ordered Friday night ant1 since that time they have been extended southward ancl eastward as occasion required. This morning they are displayed over the entire country east of the Yississippi River, tlie upper Lake region, and southern Texas. The cold wave will inaintnin it* severe character and tempera- tures below the freezing point may be espected by Wednesday morning well into southern Flonda, while mer the middle and northern districts they will range from zero to probahly as much as 20' or 25' behw over the extreme northern districts. The cold wave will continue in the East for aeveral days, and it will be accompanied at first by high west to northwest wind6 for which warn- ings are now displayed on the Atlantic and Gulf coaate. On the morning of January 3, 1911, the colcl wave covered the great interior basin of the country with freez- ing temperature in estreme northwestern Florida, and a temperature of 12' below the freezing point on the north- eastern Texas coast. At the same time temperatures in llinnesota and the eastern Dakotas ranged from 22' to 30" below zero. By the following morning (,January 4) the cold weather had extended to the Atlantic coast, although its severity was much tempered by the persist- ence of the strong high pressure area over the south Atlan- tic Ocean. In the Southern States, however, the cold incre'easecl, and the following low temperatures were reported: Corinth, Miss., 2" below zero; Pensacola, Fla., IS' above zero; Jacksonville, Fla., 32" above zero. On the inorning of January 5, tlie lowest temperature tit Jacksonville was 36", and freezing temperature occurred below Tampa, Fla. It does not appear that any great damage w:ts done by the colcl wxve in the South and Southw-est. The cattle nien in Texas suffered some lobs, but the cro I and fruit to the timeliness of the Weather Bureau warnings which eiiablecl the growers to take proper precautionary meas- ures. In coninienting upon the use of smudges to pro- tect some orange groves in southern Louisiana, the New Orleans Yicayune remarked as follows : This is only one instance in a thousand where the efficiency of the Weather Bureau Service way :lirectly responsible for the saving of a niagnificent vrop of one of I~ouisiana's proudest products. The rains that preceded this colcl continued for three (lays ant1 were sufficiently heavy in the South Atlantic and east Gulf States to cause floods in the rivers. Storm warnings were ordered 011 Jnnutxry 2 aloilg the Atlantic nncl east Gulf coasts for the moderately high winds that followed during the day aud night of January 3. On January 3 another marked depression appeared in the British northwest. It moved eastward along the northern boundary of the 'CTnited States, attended by light, snows, but without temperature changes of conse- quence. Froin December 3.3 to 30, inclusive, 1910, the Iressure L', 1911, the pressure was low over Alaska, with baronie- ter readings of %.?O and 29.28 inches at Nome and Tanana, respectively. By the evening of January 4 this clisturbance hac1 movccl sou tlieas tward to Alberta, f rom which section it continued southeastward to Iowa and thence eastward, attended by mows over the northern districts and rising teiiiperatures that extended eastward to the Atlantic. A series of moderate depressions followed, the last one a ,paring over Alberta on the night of the 6th. This n I so moved sout,heastward with very definite formation ancl ntteiicletl by snows in its immediate vicinity. It turned eastward after reaching South Dakota, and from thence iiioved almost directly eastward, reaching the C'anacliaii inaritiiiie provinces on the evening of January 9. Some high winds attended the storm, for which claniixge was comparatively sn~all. This was I argely due at Honolulu fell steadily, and on the morning of !r anuary JANUARY, 1911. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. 145 wrtrnings were clisplaye(1 on Januai y s an(l 9 from Deltt- ware Breakwater to Eastport. Temperatures preceding this storm were much above the seitsonal average, antl the succeeding high area was accompanied by a niarkecl fall in temperature which extended to the Atltintic coast by the nioining of January 1 0 . However, no low teni- ieratuies were reported except in the upper ptliqsissippi Galley on the morning of ~ztnuary 9, for wliicli colci-wave warnings were ordered on the prex%us morning. Far- ther to the eastvard temperatures c h i not, fall as mucli as had been anticipated. From January 7 to 9, inclusive, low pressure a p i n prevailed over the western Pacific, itncl by the morning of the 9th the pressure wts :tbuornittll;r- low from the north coast to western hlontantt, tlie barometer a t North Head, Wttsh., reading 29.1 6 inches. On the pre- vious day pressure was. very high over western Alaska, with a temperature of 54" below zero a t Eagle. On the morning of Sunday, January S, the special weekly bulle- tin stated that the severe cold w8ve that was then over Alaska woulcl overspread the northwestern States Mon- day ani1 Tuesday rtntl later advance eastward m c l south- ward. The bulletin also stated that the clisturbance that then prevailed over the extreme west would be ttttended by widespread precipitation over thnt section, including Citlifoi nia, whei e the season's rainfall had been greatly deficient. This storm w.as very severe along the north Pacific coast and a t Grays Harbor, Witsli., the wind reached an estimated velocity of 90 to 101) miles an hour during the night of Janunry S. At Tatoosli Island, Wash., the highest wind velocity was 56 i d e s an hour from the southeast. Storm warnings were ordered a clay in aclvance of the gale, and no shippiiig tlisasters were reported. The rains antl snows occurred as forecnst as far south as the Rlesictin border. In the mountains the snowfall was very heavy, nntl railrond traffic was much iiii iecletl. The rains tint1 s n o w contiiuetl tlirougliout the weeL, m t l snow fell along the North Pncific coast, froin ,Januttry 11) to 12, inclusive. Tlie storni center dit1 not cross the Rocky Mountains, but pressure continued low over the northwestern districts until tlir end of the week. The southeastern riioveiiient of the northwestern colt1 wave was effectually retanled by tt high pressure itreti of great magnitude that prevttiletl over the Atlantic Ocean and the Sout,liern States, and it did not estencl eastwnrcl beyond Minnesota aricl western Iowa an11 southwnrd beyond Kansas, although it persisted during tlie entire time from January 9 to 15, inclusive, with tlieriiioiiieter readings as low as 16" helow zero a t lhluth, illinn., 36' below at, Hitvre, Rlont,., and 50' below in northern Sas- katchewan. Low temperature cilso continued in Alttskti until Janua~-;v 13. A trough of relntively low pressure formed between tlie southeastern ant1 northwestern high areas, which resultetl in unsettled weather m i l rain, sleet, and snow from the up1)er Rli ippi Yttllty e:tstwtrtl to the coast. The rniiis were ncconipitnietl by high teiiiper- atures, and both continuell with brief interruption* from January 11 t80 15, inclusive. On Sunday, Januar;v 15, the following bulletin \vas issued : AII area of high baroiiietric pressure that now cover8 the Middle West will advance emtward and rituw genrrally tair weather the firqt part o f the week in the ea\tern i l i h e t s and a i h m q ~ to nitdemtel~ low tern- peratriree Mo~iday and Tuesday over the Northern and Middle State. eaHt of the Missiwippi Valley A tli\turhance of eiiii.;iderld~le iiitc~n+ity will appear on the North Pacific ccmt I)y hionda~ antl 111(i\e eatitward, 81576-11-10 crossinq the Middle n-est the midtlle of the week and tlie At'sntir States Thurday or Friday ; th1.i u r l n n w will be prrc.4rd h g r i h q temperature, attended by wdea d preripitatlon. a11d be followed hy a general change to colder weath The week liegiiininx n hloiitlny, Jtl~iuary 16, \vas characterized by unsettle11 weather with occa;iuiinl sii 3ws and rains which, howeve:., dit1 not extent1 into New Eny- lanil and the north portion of the hIiclclle Atlantic States until the end of the week, when the Pac*ific (list ul.bance noted in the bulletin of Jaii~iiti 15 reilched the St. Law- rence Valley. Temperatures 1 e rapiclly in tttlvance of this disturbance, n n c l the succeetling f d l wns equally rapid, although no unusually low temperature.; were recorclecl. On Fritliiy, January 2 0 , ti disturbance formet1 over eastern Colorttclo anrl nioved soilthea5tIvard to hkaii- sits and from tlieiice eastward off the North Carolintt coast. This disturbance, with the high area no1 tliward, caused general snows over tlie Ohio T'alley and light local rains in the South. I t was followect by a decided temperature fall in the South t o more normal conditions. nntl a further fall in New Englmtl nncl tlie Rlicltlle Atlantic States. Rains continued throughout the week on tlie No1 th Pacific coast, and (luring January 19 and 20 they estencled southward through California. Conditions weie also unsettled on Jaii~iary 20 and 21 over the niitlclle and northern interior districts west of the Rocky Mountains with general, although mostly light, snows. A motlerate colcl wave occurred near the end of the week over por- tions of the Northwest for which wirnings were issued tit the proper time. From Jiinuary 17 to 20, inclusive, low pressure ngaiii prevailed over H ~i i o l ~l ~i arid thence northward to south- ern Alaska, intlicatiiig the approttcli uf another clisturb- ance towarcl the Pacific coast, and on the riioining o f Jrtnuctry 22 the following bulletin w t s issuecl : The general presaure distribritioii over the North Aniericm ( 'ontinwit and the adjacent w e ~i i s is such as to indicate that t~~inperatiirt~~ during the coiiiinu; meek will average near or ahoxe the normal i n prxticdly all districts, preveded, however, b y liifJd?rAtely low temperzture< the fir4 part of the week in the ea'itern and southern diitricta A r-hanse to colder weather will ovtmprtzd the Nlirthweitern Stat-i the latter p x t of the week The ~~i -i n c i p ~l disturbLance of thP week will alqmu 1111 the Pacifir cod'it Tueday or \Vedned,ty, cmiq the hlidJle \Vpit 'rhur&y or Friday a:id the Eastern Stated til. l a t of the week, thi< disturbmce will he prec-eded b y risiny t-mperaturP and accoriipmied by griirral precipitation. By the morning of January 24 the pressure a t Sitka hac1 fallen to 29.30 inches, and by evening a reitcling of 29.44 inches WRS made at Tacoma, Wash. High wincls occurred along the north coast, for which the usual warn- ings were issued. The history of this disturbance is very similar to that of t,he one that crossetl the country during the second week of the month. Rains, with comparative low pressure, were general in the C'oast States during the entire week ending Jnnuary %, antl there were frequent rrtins and snows i n the interior platenu districts. Tlie clisturbaiice clriftecl eitstwtrd, losing its deiinite chariicter after crossing the Rocky hlountuins until the lower Lake region was reached during January 37, when there w ~t s mother clevelopnient , :tncl (luring Jttnuary L'S a well- defined storm passed out oi' the lower St,. Lttwrence Valley, attmended by high wintls on the north coast, fur which warnings were ordered on the morning oi' Jrtnuary 25. There was but little precipitation froni the (lis- turbnnce between the Mississippi River ant1 the Rocky Mountains, but over the northern :tiid central districts to the eastward rains :tiid snows ~n c l high temperatures were general, beginning on Wednesday, January 25, in 146 +3.3 +4.H +4. l i MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. ......... ......... ......... JANUARY, 1911 +5.Y +x.3 +1.s -i.l +B. 2 +5.4 +?. 1 +i .S +i .S f 5 .1 +5.5 -1.1; +u.l; t 0 .9 the Mississippi Valley, and reaching the Atlantic coast on January 27 ancl 28. Pressure was again high over the Atlantic and the cold following the western dis- turbance wi~s therefore not pronounced, the line of zero temperature iiot extending eastward beyond hfiiineso t a t this notu-it,listsndiiig the fact that abnornially high pres- sure niitl low temperatures prevailecl ol-er interior Alaska during the first half of the week (Eagle, barometer 30.86; temperature 62" below zero). As a consequence cold-wave warnings for the Northwest were iiot verified except, in n few localities. On January 24 ant1 25 a well-defined depression wis central over soutliwestern Alaska. It was held by the strong high area to the eastward and clicl not reach the northern Rocky Mount ailis until the morning of Jaiiuwry 2s. I t then moved almost clue eastward with great rapiclity and increased development, passing off the northeast Canadian coast during the night of January 30, with a barometer reading of 28.236 inches at Sidney. This storin was attended by general rains and snows over the middle and northern districts from the Mississippi Valley eastward, ancl was followed by a moderate cold wave over the northern tier of States. Severe west and northwest gales were also experienced nnd the usual warnings for the lakes aiid the Atlantic coast were ordered on January 29, the high winds occurring niainly on the following day. The rains that fell during January 29 over the upper Ohio were in sufficient) qusntity to cause the first flood of the season, and warnings were at once issued. At the eiicl of the month the crest of the flood had just reached Parkersburg, W. Va., with a stage slightly above the flood stage. On the morning of Sunday, January 29, the following bulletin was issued : The coniino. week promises to be one of unsettled weather. with con- siderable pregipitation over much of tlie country. A change to colder weather mll overspread the greater ,art of the country eant of the Rockp Mountains during the first pxrt 0) the week, following the eastward movement of a disturbance that was over the hlidclle West on Sunday The principal disturbance of the week will prebail during the nest several days west of the Rocky hlountaias, whence it will move eastward and cross the Middle Rest Thursday or Friday and the Atlantic States the latter part of the week. This disturbance will be preceded by rising temperature, attended by general precipitation. and be followed hy considerably colder weather in the northern and central districts east of the Rocky hfountains. The disturhaiice appeared on the Pacific coast during the night of January 30 and a t the end of the month it was stili centered over the western slope of the northern Rockies, with continued rains to the westward and a general sharp pressure fall to the eastward. Three features of the month's weather stand out prominently : (I ) The unvarying persistence of the South Atlantic high-pressure area which effectually retarded the normal eastward movement of three strong disturbances ancl of the cold high-pressure tireas following. (2 ) The long duration and escessive quantity of precipittttion in California after a prolonged period of clry conditions. These rains began during the night of January s-9 and continued with but five or six days' interruption until ......... ......... 1 ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... _________ ......... .......... .......... ......... ......... ......... after the end of the month. The fall was frequently escessive aiid severe flootls mere experienced in portions of the Sncraineiito and lower San Joaquin Rivers and their tributaries. (3 ) The abiioriiially high tempera- tures that prevailed over tlie Southwest and in the lower Missouri, miclrlle an11 lower hIissiwippi, niitl lower Ohio Valleys(1uriny the last clays of the month. At Fort, Worth, Tes., the ninsimuni temperature oE $lo the highest teniperature ever recorded at 2% regular Wewther Bureau station during the mont81i of Jnnuary, while a t mtny other places in the tlistricts nientionecl the te.mperntures were the highest of recorcl at thohe places for tlie niontli of January . -4llfrmJl* lr l l l p r ,l t l l /, t 9 l l l l i 1 d r p l f l t1o r s j ;.i ~l ~l tlw 11il1 i l l l t l . Districts. Nimiiw olsta- tions. New Eiiglaud.. ................... Middle Atlantic.. ................. South 4 tlantir.. ................... Florida Peuinsulal.. .............. East G r i l l ......................... \!'est (-;Clir.. ...................... (Ohio Valley aiid Teunessee.. ...... Lower Lakes. ..................... Upper Lakes. .................... North Dakotnl.. ................. Upper Mississippi Valley.. ........ Missouri Vailev.. ................. Northern slope.. .................. Middle slo De.. .................... Southern shopel.. ................. Sout.hern Plateaul.. .............. Middle Plateail 1.. ................ Northern Plateau 1.. .............. North Pacific.. ................... Middle Parific.. .................. South Pacific.. ................... 12 1 5 10 K 11 1 (I 13 12 b 14 12 9 I, b 11 i n in I!? 5 4 Awrage temper- ature for the ciirrent nion t h , 27. 7 31i. 1 49. s 5:i. i 53. li 39.3 2i. 4 19. s - 2 .3 24. s 21;. 5 21.1 31;. c: 4i. i 44. ti 29.9 2s. 9 3i. 9 47. s 54.0 m.:; lor the eurren t inon t 11. partiires w r e Jan. 1. -1 -__ Ne\\, Eukdmd.. .................. .I Middle At lentic ................... South A tlitntic .................... Florida Peninsola I.. .............. East Gulf ......................... West Gull ......................... Ohio Vt~lley and Tennessee. ...... Lower Lakes.. .................... Upper Lakes.. .................... North Dakotal.. ................. trrpper Mississippi Valley.. ........ Missouri Valley. .................. Nort.lierii slopP.. .................. Middle slope.. .................... 1 Southern slope 1.. ................. Southern Plntenri.. ............... Middle Plateau.. ................. Northern Plateail. ................ North P'ncific.. ................... Middle Pacifir.. .................. South Pacific.. ................... 11 15 8 11 10 13 10 12 Y 15 12 i n Y l 111 'I' ~ , 3.11) 1.46 0.9Y 3.16 0. A i 3. ii 2.41; 1.43 0.99 1 .3 4 0.39 1 . "1 0. 11 (I. 24 1-41; 1.95 1. $2 f;. 1'; 111. 93 i . 15 ' ~ __ Arernge depar- t!lres sinw Jan. 1 . ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... ......... 1)eparturP. Current month . A~CUNII- lstrd since Jan. 1. -1.0 .......... -n. 1 .......... -2.4 .......... -1.9 .......... -1.3 .......... -2 .5 .......... -0.1 .......... -0.1; .......... -0.4 .......... -n. 2 .......... +n. -I .......... -n. ii .......... +n.5 .......... -0. ti .......... -0.7 .......... +u.5 .......... +u.s .......... -u. :j .......... +li.3 .......... +A J .......... -n.-l .......... 1 Regular W'eather Bureau and \elected roolier:>tivr stotioii~. JANUARY. 19 11. MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW. Missouri \'all~y ______ Nort.hPrii slope.. .... Middle slope ......... Southern slope ___._. Middle plateau.. .... Northern plateau .... N0rt.h Pacific ______ __ Middle Pacific.. _____ South Pacific.. ...... Southern plateau .... 147 6 .5 5. S 5. 4 5. 1 4.G li. 2 7 .i S. 3 G. 3 5.6 Aueruge welatire humidity and drparturt.fi.oni thc irorntal New England.. .... Mlddle Atlantic.. ... South Atlantic.. __ __ Florida Peninsula.. . East Gulf.. ......... West Gulf.. ......... Ohio Valley and Tennessee. ........ Lower lakes. ........ Upper lakes.. ....... North Dakota.. _____ tTpj)er Mississippi alley ............. Districts. Average. 6. i 13.3 5.1 3.9 5. Y 5.9 7. 5 7.5 7.1 5. h 7 .4 Depm- tun?. New England. ...... Middle Atlantic.. ... South Atlantic.. .... Florida Peninsula.. . East Gulf ........... West. Gulf.. ......... Ohio Valley and Tennessee. ........ Lower lakes.. ....... Upper lakes.. ....... North Dakota ....... Upper Mississippi l7alley.. ........... 74 i 5 i 9 s5 T I i 9 i Y h4 89 81 -2 -1 +2 +'I -1 -2 +" -2 f l +9 +3 Districts. h\waee. -- Missowi Valley ...... Northern slope.. .... hfi,ldle slop. ........ Sout.hern slope.. ..... Sonthern pldreau __. . h3 Middle ulateau.. ... .I 73 Northrrh plateau ... ti9 North PwiEc ........ s i Middle Pacific South Pacific.. ...... ....... ! Ai,eruge rloudiness and departure fioni the norniul Districts. Average Districts. Average. +o. s t o . 5 -0.2 -0. R +o. 1 +O. B +I. 1 +o. 1 +o. 2 +o. 9 +2. 0 Depor- tiire. ~ +1 +3 -4 + 13 +3 -11 +L ' 0 -3 - Depar- tiw. +I .? +1. 3 +I ). , +O. , +l . 2 +l. 1 +1.0 +a h +O. 7 +l. 1 ~ Stations. I Date - -. - -. .- .. - Bismarck. N. Dnk.. . Block Islaud. R. I.. no.. ............ Biiffnlo. N. Y ....... Do.. ............ Do .............. no.. ............ Riirlin~*on.~t. ..... I Cheyenne. Wyo.. ... Chicago, Ill. ........ Cleveland. Ohio.. ... Columbus. Ohio ..... Denver. c'oto. ....... Detroit, Mich.. ..... Duluth Minn ....... Grand haven. Mich. Indianapolis. Ind.. . Lewist.on Idaho.. .. Mt. Tauialpais. Cnl . no.. ............ Do .............. Do.. ............ Do.. ............ Do.. ............ Monnt Wreather, V3. Do.. ............ Do. ............. Do. ............. New York, N. T.... Do.. ............ no.. ............ no.. ............ n o .............. n o .............. Do ............. .I n o .............. Modma. trt.ah.. .... no.. ............ no.. ............ no.. ............ ~ nw. n\v. n\v. \v . nw. U' . w. U' . w. w. c. w. SW. SW. w. w. \v . w. w. I1W. w. w. w. SW. ne. SW. *\v. S\V. S W . S\V. \v . UW. w. \v . w . nw. ne. nw. nw. nw. ' New York. N. T . __ North Hesol, Wash. Do.. ............ n o ............... no.. ............ n o .............. r)o .............. no.. ............ no.. ............ m.. ............ no.. ............ no.. ............ no.. ............ n o .............. V'ittstmrg:. Pa.. .... 1% ReyrrLight.C31. Do.. ............ Providence. R . I.. .. n o .............. Pueblo. Colo. ....... Sheridan. \Vyo.. ... Sioux no.. City, ............ 1 0 ~3 .. .. Do ............... S'east Farnllon. c'al. ~ no.. ........... Symruse. N. I-. . __ . j Do .............. i Tatoush Id.. \Vanh. .i n o .............. I n o ............... no.. ............ no .............. no.. ............ Toledo. Ohio ........ Winnrmuccn, Nrr.. I ~~ 30 8 9 16 l i 2.1 "5 21; L'i x 1 11 12 1:3 19 2; 29 30 20 29 10 9 5 2 5 R 1 13 2s 311 8 9 13 16 23 24 8 11 .,-, -0 Direc- tion. nw. ~~ ~- S. s w . se. S. se . S. s. se . S. w. S. S\V. S. 9. Ilw. w. 11. 5. U\V. nu. UW. U. S. I l U ~. se. R W . nw. na. nw. n u r . nw. ne. se . S. S. SU'. UW.